Cuspate Foreland Formation
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Cuspate Foreland Formation
Field notes: Dungeness
Dungeness, on the south-east coast of England, is a large shingle foreland that projects into the English Channel. It has been built up over thousands of years from pebbles and shingle moved along the coast. Waves approaching from different directions transport sediment along the shore by longshore drift. Where the wave directions and currents interact, some sediment is deposited and the shoreline grows outwards. Repeated deposition can create ridges, and the foreland may develop two recurved (curved) arms. The precise processes are complex: changes in wave direction, storms, sediment supply and sea level can all alter its shape. Dungeness is also an important habitat, but it is exposed to coastal change.
Read the evidence
Answer using the field notes and your geographical understanding.
- Sediment is moved along the coast as waves approach at an angle and backwash moves down the beach.
- Tides carry sediment directly inland and leave it on hilltops.
- Rocks are dissolved by rain and carried offshore by rivers.
- Wind moves all beach sediment in a straight line away from the coast.
Apply and evaluate
Use the evidence to make reasoned geographical judgements.
- Deposition has probably extended the foreland seaward.
- The sea level must have fallen everywhere.
- The foreland has stopped changing permanently.
- Longshore drift cannot be operating.
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