Erosion Processes and Landscapes
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Erosion Processes and Landscapes
Field report: a changing coastline
At North Head, repeated waves attack a joint in the cliff. Air trapped in cracks is compressed as waves surge in, loosening blocks. Pebbles carried by the water scrape the cliff; this is abrasion. Some minerals dissolve into seawater, a process called solution. Over time, the cliff retreats, leaving a wave-cut notch and then a platform as the overhang collapses. Along the coast, softer rock has worn back into a bay while harder rock remains as a headland. Waves refract around the headland, concentrating energy there. A nearby river carries sediment towards the coast, but deposition occurs where its flow slows.
River and slope processes
After heavy rain, surface runoff can detach and carry soil downhill. A small rill may deepen into a gully if flow repeatedly follows the same route. In a river, hydraulic action and abrasion can deepen a channel; the river transports its load by traction (rolling), saltation (bouncing), suspension (carrying fine particles) and solution (dissolved material). Where velocity falls, such as on the inside of a meander or at a river mouth, sediment may be deposited. Vegetation can bind soil and slow runoff, although it cannot prevent every erosion event.
- Abrasion
- Solution
- Deposition
- Mass movement
- A bay, while harder rock remains as a headland
- A delta, while harder rock forms a beach
- A waterfall, while harder rock forms a meander
- A spit, while harder rock forms a dune
- Traction
- Saltation
- Suspension
- Solution
- Dissolved material carried in solution
- Small particles bounced along the river bed
- Fine particles carried within the water
- Larger load rolled along the river bed
3 printable pages
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