THE WARS OF THE ROSES 1455–1487 The houses of Lancaster and York struggled for control of the English throne. The fighting brought years of uncertainty and changes of ruler.

EDWARD IV DIES 1483 Edward IV’s sudden death left his young son Edward V as king. Edward IV’s brother, Richard, took the throne as Richard III. The young princes were later never seen in public again.

HENRY TUDOR IN EXILE Before 1485 Henry Tudor spent many years across the Channel. His mother, Margaret Beaufort, connected him to the Lancastrian family. His claim to the crown was not strong because his Lancastrian descent came through the Beaufort line, which had been excluded from the succession. He became a challenger to Richard III.

BOSWORTH FIELD 22 August 1485 Henry Tudor’s forces met Richard III’s army in battle. Richard was killed, and Henry took the throne as Henry VII.

A MARRIAGE THAT UNITED HOUSES 1486 Henry VII married Elizabeth of York. Their marriage linked the rival York and Lancaster families. The Tudor rose, combining red and white, became a symbol of their union.