🔬 Part 1: Understanding Chemical Bonds

Read about the three types of chemical bonds below:

Ionic Bonds: Form when electrons are transferred from metal atoms to non-metal atoms. The metal becomes a positive ion and the non-metal becomes a negative ion. These opposite charges attract each other. Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl) - table salt.

Covalent Bonds: Form when non-metal atoms share electrons with each other. The shared electrons hold the atoms together. Example: Water (H₂O) - hydrogen and oxygen share electrons.

Metallic Bonds: Form between metal atoms where electrons move freely in a "sea of electrons" around the metal atoms. This gives metals their special properties like conductivity. Example: Aluminium foil (Al).

1. Which type of bond involves the transfer of electrons?

Ionic bonds

Covalent bonds

Metallic bonds

2. Which type of bond involves sharing electrons?

Ionic bonds

Covalent bonds

Metallic bonds

🎯 Part 2: Matching Chemical Compounds to Bond Types

3. Match each compound or element to its bond type:

1. Water (H₂O)

2. Table salt (NaCl)

3. Iron metal (Fe)

4. Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

5. Magnesium oxide (MgO)

6. Copper wire (Cu)

A. Ionic bond

B. Covalent bond

C. Metallic bond

D. Ionic bond

E. Covalent bond

F. Metallic bond

4. Which properties would you expect from compounds with metallic bonds? (Check all that apply)

Conduct electricity

Flexible and bendable

Dissolve easily in water

Shiny appearance

⚗️ Part 3: Writing Chemical Formulas

Use the table below to help you write chemical formulas. Remember: In ionic compounds, the charges must balance!

Common Elements and Their Charges:

Metals: Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Al³⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺

Non-metals: Cl⁻, O²⁻, F⁻, S²⁻, N³⁻

Covalent elements: H, C, N, O, F, Cl

5. Write the chemical formula for these ionic compounds:

a) Sodium chloride: ____________

b) Magnesium oxide: ____________

c) Calcium fluoride: ____________

d) Aluminium oxide: ____________

6. Write the chemical formula for these covalent compounds:

a) Water (hydrogen + oxygen): ____________

b) Carbon dioxide (carbon + oxygen): ____________

c) Methane (carbon + hydrogen): ____________

d) Ammonia (nitrogen + hydrogen): ____________

🧪 Part 4: Apply Your Knowledge

7. Explain why salt (NaCl) dissolves in water but oil does not:

8. Draw a simple diagram showing how two hydrogen atoms bond with one oxygen atom to form water. Label the atoms and show the shared electrons:

9. Complete the sentences using the words: ionic, covalent, metallic, electrons, properties

Chemical bonds form when atoms share or transfer ______________. The type of bond affects the ______________ of the compound. ______________ bonds form between metals and non-metals, ______________ bonds form between non-metals, and ______________ bonds form between metals.

10. Challenge: Predict the formula for potassium sulfide (K⁺ and S²⁻):