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Water Cycle Processes

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Water Cycle Processes

Follow water from the atmosphere to a river and back again. Use the rainfall data and catchment profile to explain how water-cycle processes shape river response. Answer in full sentences where appropriate.

Catchment evidence

A winter storm brings 30 mm of rain in six hours to two neighbouring UK catchments. Moor Beck has steep slopes, thin saturated soils and 70% impermeable urban cover. Alder Vale has gentle slopes, deep permeable soils and 10% urban cover. Both catchments receive the same rainfall.

1.Which catchment is most likely to have the shorter lag time between peak rainfall and peak river discharge? Select one and justify your choice using two characteristics from the profile.
2.Match each process to its description. Use every process once.
  • Interception
  • Infiltration
  • Percolation
  • Throughflow
  • Transpiration
  • Condensation
  • Downward movement of water through soil or rock
  • Lateral movement of water through soil towards a channel
  • Water vapour released from plants
  • Cooling of water vapour into liquid droplets
  • Water entering the soil from the land surface
  • Water held temporarily on vegetation before reaching the ground
3.Rainfall intensity exceeds the infiltration capacity of the soil. Name the resulting type of runoff and explain how it forms.
4.A second field has dry, permeable soil, but the rain falls steadily for many hours. Explain how saturation-excess overland flow could develop there.
5.Choose the best explanation of condensation in the atmospheric water cycle.
  • Liquid water gains heat and becomes water vapour.
  • Water vapour cools to its dew point and forms liquid droplets on condensation nuclei.
  • Water soaks into soil and moves down through rock.
  • Plants release liquid water directly into rivers.
6.A forecaster records 30 mm of rainfall in six hours. Explain why rainfall total alone is not enough to predict the size or timing of a river flood peak. Include two catchment factors in your answer.
7.Mark each statement true or false: (a) Interception can delay some precipitation reaching the ground. (b) Percolation is mainly the lateral movement of water through soil. (c) Transpiration transfers water from vegetation to the atmosphere. (d) Infiltration always sends water directly to a river channel.
TrueFalse
8.In a cold upland catchment, winter precipitation is stored as snow. Explain how snowmelt can change the timing and amount of river discharge, and identify one condition that could increase flood risk.
9.Suggest two land-management changes that could slow water transfer from Moor Beck towards its river. For each, name the process or store it would affect.
10.Complete the sequence with the most appropriate processes: rainfall reaches a vegetated slope → some is held by leaves → some enters the soil → some moves downwards through rock → water is released to the atmosphere from plants.

3 printable pages

  • Water Cycle Processes, page 1 of 3: Catchment evidence

    Page 1

  • Water Cycle Processes, page 2 of 3: 4. A second field has dry, permeable soil, but the rain falls steadily for many hours.…

    Page 2

  • Water Cycle Processes, page 3 of 3: 9. Suggest two land-management changes that could slow water transfer from Moor Beck…

    Page 3

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