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Drug Development Process

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Drug Development Process

A research team is investigating a fictional medicine called Solace for migraine pain. Use the evidence on this sheet to follow how medicines are developed. Remember: a promising result does not prove a medicine is safe or effective.

Follow the evidence

Clinical trial snapshots for Solace. The figures are fictional and simplified; real trials use more detailed methods and safeguards.

Phase I A small group of healthy adult volunteers receives carefully monitored doses. Researchers mainly check safety and how the body handles the medicine.

Phase II A larger group of people with migraine takes part. Researchers look for signs the medicine works and continue checking safety.

Phase III A much larger group takes part. Researchers compare results with a suitable control and gather more evidence about benefits and side effects.

1.Which phase usually includes the largest number of participants: Phase I, Phase II or Phase III? Give one reason for running a larger trial.
2.The usual sequence is discovery and design, preclinical testing, Phases I–III clinical trials, then regulatory review. Put these steps in that order by writing 1–6 beside each: regulatory review; preclinical tests; discovery and design; Phase III trial; Phase I trial; Phase II trial.
3.Before human trials, researchers test a potential medicine in laboratory studies and sometimes in animals where permitted. What is one reason for doing preclinical testing before giving it to people?

Read a trial result

In a small Phase II study, 100 people with migraine were randomly assigned to one of two groups. After eight weeks, 30 of 50 people taking Solace reported fewer migraine days. In the comparison group, 20 of 50 reported fewer migraine days. The comparison group took a placebo: a look-alike treatment with no active medicine. This simplified result alone cannot show whether Solace is safe or definitely works.

4.How many more people reported fewer migraine days in the Solace group than in the placebo group?
5.Why compare a medicine with a placebo or another suitable control rather than just asking people whether they feel better after taking the medicine?
6.Choose the most accurate conclusion from this small study.
  • Solace is proven safe and will work for everyone.
  • More people in the Solace group reported fewer migraine days, but further evidence is needed.
  • The placebo contains the active medicine.
  • The result proves that no one had side effects.
7.Name one important ethical safeguard for a clinical trial involving people, and explain what it protects.
8.A trial team notices a serious unexpected side effect in one participant. What should the team do first: ignore it until the trial ends, or follow the safety reporting procedures and seek appropriate medical review? Explain your choice.

A decision with trade-offs

Solace has shown a possible benefit, but 15 out of 100 people in an early study experienced a serious side effect. Researchers have not yet confirmed the cause or how often it might happen in a larger population. The next step is a review of the evidence and safety plan before deciding whether further research should proceed.

9.Write a short recommendation to the review team: what evidence or safeguards should they consider before allowing a larger trial? Include at least two points, such as how serious the side effect is, how participants will be monitored, and whether participants understand the risks.
10.After a medicine passes clinical trials, does that automatically mean it can be sold? Explain the role of regulatory review and why safety monitoring may continue after approval.

3 printable pages

  • Drug Development Process, page 1 of 3: Follow the evidence

    Page 1

  • Drug Development Process, page 2 of 3: Read a trial result

    Page 2

  • Drug Development Process, page 3 of 3: A decision with trade-offs

    Page 3

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