Field notes: What is happening?

Earth’s surface is made of large pieces of rock called tectonic plates. When plates suddenly shift, the ground can shake in an earthquake. Some earthquakes happen beneath the ocean and can trigger a tsunami—a series of powerful waves. A volcano can erupt when melted rock, ash, and gases escape from inside Earth. Melted rock that reaches the surface is called lava. A hurricane is a powerful rotating storm that forms over warm ocean water and can bring damaging winds, heavy rain, and coastal flooding. A flood happens when water covers land that is usually dry. Heavy rain, overflowing rivers, or storm surge can cause floods. Hazards are natural, but disasters are not inevitable. Scientists monitor conditions and share warnings. Communities can prepare by practicing safety plans, protecting buildings, and following local emergency instructions.