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Westward Expansion Reading Comprehension

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Westward Expansion Exploration

Covered wagon traveling west

📜 Part 1: Primary Source Documents

Document A: The Homestead Act (1862)

"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That any person who is the head of a family, or who has arrived at the age of twenty-one years, and is a citizen of the United States, or who shall have filed his declaration of intention to become such, as required by the naturalization laws of the United States, and who has never borne arms against the United States Government or given aid and comfort to its enemies, shall, from and after the first January, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, be entitled to enter one quarter section or a less quantity of unappropriated public lands..."

1. According to the Homestead Act, what are the requirements to claim land?
2. How did this act encourage westward expansion?
Document B: Manifest Destiny Editorial (1845)

"Away, away with all these cobweb tissues of rights of discovery, exploration, settlement, continuity, etc... The American claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us."

3. What does "manifest destiny" mean based on this quote?
4. How does the author justify American expansion?

🚂 Part 2: More Primary Sources

Document C: Pacific Railway Act (1862)

"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That Walter S. Burgess... are hereby created and erected into a body corporate... by the name... of 'The Union Pacific Railroad Company'... and the said corporation is hereby authorized and empowered to lay out, locate, construct, furnish, maintain, and enjoy a continuous railroad and telegraph... from a point on the one hundredth meridian of longitude west from Greenwich... to the western boundary of Nevada Territory."

5. What was the main purpose of the Pacific Railway Act?
6. How would a transcontinental railroad help westward expansion?
Document D: Native American Perspective - Chief Joseph (1879)

"I have heard talk and talk, but nothing is done. Good words do not last long unless they amount to something. Words do not pay for my dead people. They do not pay for my country, now overrun by white men... If the white man wants to live in peace with the Indian he can live in peace. There need be no trouble. Treat all men alike. Give them the same law."

7. What is Chief Joseph's main complaint about westward expansion?
8. What solution does Chief Joseph propose for peace between whites and Native Americans?

🤔 Part 3: Analysis and Reflection

9. Compare the perspectives in Documents A-C with Document D. How do they differ?
10. Based on these documents, what were the main factors that drove westward expansion?

Free land opportunities

Religious beliefs about destiny

Better transportation

Economic opportunities

11. In your opinion, was westward expansion justified? Use evidence from the documents to support your answer.

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