Field Notes: A River in the Desert

Most of ancient Egypt lay beside the Nile, surrounded by dry desert. Each year, seasonal rains far to the south caused the river to rise and spread across its banks. When the water fell, it left dark, fertile silt. Farmers planted grain and other crops in this soil. The river also supplied fresh water, fish, and waterfowl. Papyrus reeds grew along the banks and were used for making boats, mats, and writing material. Boats carried people and goods north and south, linking villages and cities. Because the flood cycle was fairly regular, communities could plan planting and harvests. Yet floods that were too high or too low could damage crops and threaten food supplies.

Trace the River’s Influence

The Yearly Cycle

Ancient Egyptians divided the year into three seasons: Akhet, the flood season; Peret, the growing season when farmers planted and crops grew; and Shemu, the harvest season. The river’s dependable cycle helped people organize work, but nature did not always behave perfectly.