📚 Part 1: Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which layer of Earth has the highest temperature?

Crust

Mantle

Outer core

Inner core

2. What type of plate boundary occurs when two plates move apart?

Convergent

Divergent

Transform

Subduction

3. Which planet is known as the "Red Planet"?

Venus

Mars

Jupiter

Saturn

4. What causes the seasons on Earth?

Distance from the Sun

Tilt of Earth's axis

Solar flares

Moon's gravity

5. Which type of rock forms from cooling magma?

Sedimentary

Metamorphic

Igneous

Fossilised

✏️ Part 2: Short Answer Questions

6. Explain how the greenhouse effect works and name two greenhouse gases.

7. Describe the process of seafloor spreading and where it occurs.

8. Calculate the time it takes for light to travel from the Sun to Earth. (Distance = 150 million km, Speed of light = 300,000 km/s)

9. Explain why we see different phases of the Moon and draw two different phases.

🔬 Part 3: Extended Response

10. Analyse the environmental impacts of space exploration. Discuss both positive and negative effects on Earth's environment.

11. Compare and contrast the formation of volcanic islands (like Hawaii) with continental mountain ranges (like the Andes). Include plate tectonic processes in your answer.

📋 Answer Key

Multiple Choice Answers:

1. D - Inner core (temperatures reach 5000-6000°C)

2. B - Divergent (plates move apart, creating new crust)

3. B - Mars (iron oxide gives red colour)

4. B - Tilt of Earth's axis (23.5° tilt causes seasonal variation)

5. C - Igneous (formed from cooling and solidification of magma/lava)

Short Answer Responses:

6. Greenhouse effect: Solar radiation enters atmosphere, Earth's surface warms, infrared radiation trapped by greenhouse gases. Examples: CO₂, CH₄, H₂O vapour, N₂O

7. Seafloor spreading: New oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges as magma rises and solidifies, pushing older crust outward. Occurs at divergent plate boundaries.

8. Time = Distance ÷ Speed = 150,000,000 km ÷ 300,000 km/s = 500 seconds = 8.33 minutes

9. Moon phases result from changing angles between Sun, Earth, and Moon. Different amounts of illuminated surface visible from Earth. Phases include new, crescent, quarter, gibbous, full.

Extended Response Key Points:

10. Positive: Technology development, climate monitoring, resource management. Negative: Rocket emissions, space debris, resource consumption, environmental costs of manufacturing.

11. Volcanic islands: Hotspot volcanism, oceanic crust, shield volcanoes. Mountain ranges: Convergent boundaries, continental collision/subduction, fold mountains, different rock types and formation processes.