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General Science Concepts

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General Science Concepts

Alex, Riley and Ruby-Mae are checking the lighthouse’s science equipment before a storm arrives. Use science ideas and evidence to solve each task. Include units in calculations.

Matter and materials

1.A label has fallen off a sample jar. The sample contains sodium and chlorine chemically joined in a fixed ratio. Which description fits the sample?

An element, because it contains atoms
A compound, because different elements are chemically joined
A mixture, because it contains two substances

2.Riley needs a material for a cable that carries current and can be bent into shape without snapping. Choose two useful properties of a metal.

Good electrical conductivity
Malleability
Brittleness
Poor heat transfer

3.A sealed container holds 250 g of material in a volume of 100 cm³. Calculate its density. Show your working and include units.

Forces and energy

4.Ruby-Mae pushes a supply trolley. Which equation states Newton’s second law, linking net force, mass and acceleration?

F = ma
p = mv
density = mass ÷ volume

5.The trolley has a mass of 20 kg and accelerates at 0.5 m/s². Calculate the net force on it. Include the unit.

6.The lighthouse stores hot water for the crew. Explain how an insulating layer around the tank reduces heat loss, naming one way heat can transfer.

Investigate and explain

7.Alex investigates whether the number of hours a lamp shines on seedlings affects their height after two weeks. Alex tests 3, 6 and 9 hours each day. Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable.

8.For a fair test, name one factor Alex should keep the same for all seedlings, and explain why.

9.At ordinary sea-level pressure, what is the name of the temperature, about 100 °C, at which liquid water changes into water vapor?

10.A small lamp is connected to a battery and a switch. What must be true of the circuit for the lamp to light?

11.A metal railing feels colder than a wooden handrail on a cool morning, even though both have been outside together. Explain why they can feel different in temperature.